Observational and Historical Science.

David Shearer.

Observational science is where, a theory is proposed, and experimentation is carried out, in order to prove or disprove the proposed theory. This is not the case for historical science, where we do not have observers to record what has taken place, neither is it feasable for us to create an event, such as a worldwide flood, in order to observe the effects. The process then becomes, proposing of a theory, and then observing if the theory fits the data we see in the real world.

Uniformitarianism.

This is the prevailing view of Geologists today. It is that the processes we see today, (slow and gradual erosion etc,) have always occurred, and at the same rate. i.e They are uniform.

Catastrophism.

This is where catastrophic processes have occurred, causing very large changes in the Earth's structure over a short period of time.

There may have also been "local" catastrophic events, (meteor in Siberia, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc) that may need to be considered in some places.

Geologic Model.

Dr Tasman Walker, PhD, Geology, developed a model, based on the Bible, for studying Geology. This can be used when looking at geological features that are all around us.

The important features of this model, is that major changes that we see in the Geology of our world have occurred as a result of two catastrophic events, the Creation, and the Flood.

Event / Era	Stage	Duration	Phase
New World Era		4000 yrs 500 yrs	Modern Residual
Flood Event	Recessive	100 days 200 days	Dispersive Abative
Flood Event	Innundatory	30 days 20 days 10 days	Zenithic Ascending Eruptive
Lost World		1700 yrs	Lost World
Creation Event	Formative	2 days 2 days	Biotic Derivative
Creation Event	Foundational	2 days 0 days	Ensuing Original

Manawatu Gorge.

The Manawatu river, near Palmerston North, NZ, cuts through the Manawatu gorge. This river has it's headwaters on one side of a mountain range, and empties into the sea, on the other side of the mountain range. (1100ft high). (It is one, of only a handful of rivers, in the world where this occurs). The water didn't run uphill to achieve this. It is possible that this gorge was cut by some other form of shaping process, such as the innundation phase of the flood. This would leave the gorge at a suitable height for the river to make use of.

Table Top mountain.

Cape Town.
(Landsat image - courtesy NASA)

The geologic structure of Table Top Mountain (Cape town, South Africa), is interesting. It is claimed to be among the oldest rocks on Earth. The reason for this, is that there are no fossils present in the sandstone. This means, they were formed before the Cambrian explosion. In the Biblical Model - before the Biotic phase commenced. The sandstone is very hard, and sits on a granite base formed by magma that did not become a volcano.

Global flood on Mars.

I find it interesting that scientists can accept that geologic features on Mars (where there is no water), have been formed by a global Martian flood, but do NOT accept that similar types of features, on Earth, (where there is water), have been formed by a global flood.